Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Famous Flash Fiction

Famous Flash Fiction Over the past few decades, flash fiction, micro-fiction, and other super-short short stories have grown in popularity. Entire journals such as Nano Fiction and Flash Fiction Online are devoted to flash fiction and related forms of writing, while contests administrated by Gulf Coast, Salt Publishing, and The Kenyon Review cater to flash fiction authors. But flash fiction also has a long and respectable history. Even before the term â€Å"flash fiction† came into common usage in the late 20th century, major writers in France, America, and Japan were experimenting with prose forms that put special emphasis on brevity and concision.   Charles Baudelaire (French, 1821-1869) In the 19th century, Baudelaire pioneered a new type of short-form writing called â€Å"prose poetry.† Prose poetry was Baudelaire’s method for capturing the nuances of psychology and experience in short bursts of description. As Baudelaire puts it in the introduction to his famous collection of prose poetry, Paris Spleen (1869): â€Å"Who has not, in bouts of ambition, dreamt this miracle, a poetic prose, musical without rhythm or rhyme, supple and choppy enough to accommodate the lyrical movement of the soul, the undulations of reverie, the bump and lurch of consciousness?† The prose poem became a favorite form of French experimental writers, such as Arthur Rimbaud and Francis Ponge. But Baudelaire’s emphasis on turns of thought and twists of observation also paved the way for the â€Å"slice of life† flash fiction that can be found in many present-day magazines. Ernest Hemingway (American, 1899-1961) Hemingway is well-known for novels of heroism and adventure such as For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea- but also for his radical experiments in super-short fiction. One of the most famous works attributed to Hemingway is a six-word short story: â€Å"For sale: baby shoes, never worn.† Hemingway’s authorship of this miniature story has been called into question, but he did create several other works of extremely short fiction, such as the sketches that appear throughout his short story collection In Our Time. And Hemingway also offered a defense of radically concise fiction: â€Å"If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.† Yasunari Kawabata (Japanese, 1899-1972) As an author steeped in the economical yet expressive art and literature of his native Japan, Kawabata was interested in creating small texts that are great in expression and suggestion. Among Kawabata’s greatest accomplishments are the â€Å"palm-of-the-hand† stories, fictional episodes and incidents that last two or three pages at most. Topic-wise, the range of these miniature stories is remarkable, covering everything from intricate romances (â€Å"Canaries†) to morbid fantasies (â€Å"Love Suicides†) to childhood visions of adventure and escape (â€Å"Up in the Tree†). And Kawabata didn’t hesitate to apply the principles behind his â€Å"palm-of-the-hand† stories to his longer writings. Near the end of his life, he crafted a revised and much-shortened version of one of his celebrated novels, Snow Country. Donald Barthelme (American, 1931-1989) Barthelme is one of the American writers most responsible for the state of contemporary flash fiction. For Barthelme, fiction was a means of igniting debate and speculation: â€Å"I believe that my every sentence trembles with morality in that each attempts to engage the problematic rather than to present a proposition to which all reasonable men must agree.† Although these standards for indeterminate, thought-provoking short fiction have guided short fiction in the late 20th and early 21st century, Barthelme’s exact style is difficult to imitate with success. In stories such as â€Å"The Balloon†, Barthelme offered meditations on strange events- and little in the way of traditional plot, conflict, and resolution. Lydia Davis (American, 1947-present) A recipient of the prestigious MacArthur Fellowship, Davis has won recognition both for her translations of classic French authors and for her many works of flash fiction. In stories such as â€Å"A Man from Her Past†, â€Å"Enlightened†, and â€Å"Story†, Davis portrays states of anxiety and disturbance. She shares this special interest in uneasy characters with some of the novelists she has translated- such as Gustave Flaubert and Marcel Proust. Like Flaubert and Proust, Davis has been hailed for her breadth of vision and for her ability to pack a wealth of meaning into carefully-chosen observations. According to literary critic James Wood, â€Å"one can read a large portion of Davis’s work, and a grand cumulative achievement comes into view- a body of work probably unique in American writing, in its combination of lucidity, aphoristic brevity, formal originality, sly comedy, metaphysical bleakness, philosophical pressure, and human wisdom.†

Saturday, November 23, 2019

THE UPS AND DOWNS OF BOOK PROMOTION

THE UPS AND DOWNS OF BOOK PROMOTION If you thought writing a book creates emotional upheaval, wait until you try to market it! Nope, people dont just step up and buy the book. You have to subtly, tastefully, skillfully remind them that this book is a tremendous investment without saying, Buy this book. Do you know how hard that is? It means chatting with people and mentioning youre an author, then having all these great one-liner answers to any questions they might ask . . . in hopes those answers convince them to buy. It means being available for signing events, sometimes driving hundreds of miles, only to sell eight books . . .and smiling through it all. It means answering every email with courtesy, cheerfulness, patience, and enthusiasm . . . EVERY email. It means being doubted It means giving away more books than you probably expected, and spending hundreds of dollars in postcards, posters, gas, business cards, website design and more, (much more if you self-publish) as you think maybe the next book will recoup that back for you . . . and hopefully much more. But it also means people gush over how the story resonated with them . . . and you almost cry at each and every time you hear a new person express their enjoyment. It means you dive into the next book, and the next, anxious to show how much better a writer you are now . . . because now you have readers asking when the next book comes out. It means you squeal when someone enjoys a phrase you spent hours perfecting, fighting so hard to make it look easy. There is no arrival in this journey of writing a book. Its always an uphill climb. About the time you have a momentous occasion, youre slapped with two stars instead of five, or some bookstore owner who says, Come back and see me once youve published a second book, or you send out review copies and the reviewer never delivers. About the time family and friends give you great responses, you learn of several who never find time to read it. And you learn to laugh about it . . . laugh about it ALL. You chose this path. Everyone told you it was difficult.Yet you travel it anyway, because seeing your precious stories born to the world is no different than having children. Once you birth those babies you have to commit to the good and the bad of the experience. Some are easier to raise than others, and all of them cause you angst sooner or later. But in the end, you love the heck out of them. Mainly because they are a part of you.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Discuss the contributions of iron technology to the process of state Essay

Discuss the contributions of iron technology to the process of state formation in Bantu Africa - Essay Example Generally, the highlight of the state formation process in Bantu Africa was in the rate of growth, where within a very short time frame, the people had occupied a very wide area of land. Starting from Cross River region around Nigeria and Cameroon border, the people had by 1000 B.C expanded into Lake Victoria and later to southwest and south (Dubrulle, 2002). Wagner (2006) has explained that one important factor that could be accounted for the rapid process of state formation is the social and economic changes that involved other tribes tying up with the Bantu people as they moved along through interracial marriages. Regardless of the argument made for the social and economic changes that made the process of state formation possible and rapid, one aspect of growth factor that cannot be overlooked is the role of iron technology. Iron technology can be explained as the smelting of iron through the use of advantaged mechanisms in ensuring that the irons are refined into usable tools and equipment (Dubrulle, 2002). Generally, iron technology did not develop among Bantu Africa as an isolated trade. Rather, it came as a necessity to help in the boost of agricultural growth, which was identified as a major economic viability for the people. Agricultural growth in itself was also dependent on the fact that population was growing at a rate that was very high. Due to this high rate of population growth, it was necessary for the people to find a means of feeding themselves. But the old forms of tools made from stones, bones and woods were found not to be durable and strong enough to help them achieve this purpose. To this end, the people fell on iron technology for the production of various farm tools that were deemed to be more durable. Examples of such tools are axes, arrows, knifes, spears and hoes. Though the original intent was not iron technology as a trade, iron technology would eventually become the catalyst behind which Bantu Africa would

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Internet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Internet - Research Paper Example Rather it takes few seconds to draft a mail, get real time updates on employee performance, fetching financial information, etc. It has led to process automation. In other words it has become the most important resource in an organization. In the advent of globalization where organizations conduct business across a host of nations either through transnational or multinational entity, internet has become the most critical resource. Trade facilitation would not have been much effective had there been no internet. This has not only led to expedition of business processes, but it has simultaneously reduced the cost of operations. Organizations only incur the initial cost of setting up the process, but the long run cost of business is significantly reduced. Earlier organizations would incur significant printing charges, postal charges, high manpower cost, etc which has been almost reduced to zero or has become negligible after the implementation of internet. With growing competition, organizations want to enjoy competitive advantage and be on the top. This requires it to reduce its cost in order to earn higher profits. Internet has led the technological innovation in businesses around the globe. Organizational effectiveness and efficiency refers to the achievement of targets and objectives in less time and with optimum utilization of resources. Resources are limited and cannot be utilized in full capacity to meet strategic organizational goals. To ensure business sustainability, internet has become the most critical medium why organizations use it to run its business operations. It has become the most innovative medium through which information is communicated. It refers to the transmission of information and communication through electronic channel. Data and information has become the medium of exchange and might replace money in

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Shanghai American school Essay Example for Free

Shanghai American school Essay This commentary is based on an extract from the Penguin hardback edition of the novel, Fifth Business by Robertson Davies. The passage begins on p. 114 last paragraph I was fill with to p. 116 a selfish, envious, cankered wretch, wasnt I? Written by Jonas Hahn IB English A1 (hl) Shanghai American School I recognized that my limp was always worse and I did not want her, but it annoyed me Boy had her give the time after the First World War, of a man fighting his own battle. It can be observed, that at surface level, it is about the narrator returning from war with only one leg and not succeeding with the girl he desired. This causes him even more pain that his limp. Yet with closer examination is can be seen that this passage holds more to it, it is a power struggle between Boy and the narrator. Also it is about impressing each other and always wanting more than the other person, not just simply the return of a soldier who is wounded. Hahn 2. The entire extract is written in first person, seemingly allowing the reader to enter the state of mind and emotions the narrator is in; yet paradoxically his personal affairs are not mentioned, instead the narrator talks about boys affairs, he only mentions that he is envies. This technique of omission is extremely powerful giving the reader a different impression of the narrator. This slice of life story begins with the narrator having a sudden realization. It gives the passage a very controversial tone. The narrator omits his personal pain all through the extract except when he is [envies] of boy. Though out the extract the narrators personal life is never mention yet boys occasional weekend visits were discussed thoroughly. It is also never mentioned that he is lonely just that he is envies and jealous. This omission though out the passage implies to the reader that the narrator wants sympathy for his life with only one leg and that he cant have the girl he wants. Later in the passage the mood changes, the narrator would have given much for the strength of mind to tell him what he really thought of Boy. There is a tension between Boy and the narrator who both fight for power and existence. Boy is rubbing the fact that he has the possession of Leola, and pashes in the city and a healthy body. The narrator is trying to justify this behavior but he doesnt succeed. Instead he questions himself: why did I not find some other girl? and A selfish, envious, cankered wretch, wasnt I instead of questioning Boy about his affairs with all the gay girls. This gives the passage an extraordinary touch to it. Hahn 3 I hobbled away grumbling to myself like Diogenes. This allusion, used by the narrator is very powerful. It is very clearly stated that hr didnt want the clothes the girl or the booze yet he imprisoned himself into a situation, which couldnt be escaped. Diogenes did the exact same thing and said having too many possessions impressions you, yet this is a contradiction in this extract. The narrator has nothing yet he feels as if he were imprisoned, this is an oxymoron meaning one thing but really something else is going on. This passage moves from envies what Boy has and the narrator does not, towards jealousy that Boy has everything and the narrator has nothing, although he is a cruel person, thus the narrator deserves some sympathy. In the first paragraph the narrator describes the situation he undergoing, then moving on to the free spirit girls in Toronto, to the narrators argument amongst himself. Though out the stages of this passage the narrator is very anxious of what he doesnt have, yet he doesnt want what he doesnt have he simply wants Boy not to have it. He uses such words as deceived Leola instead of saying he lied to her. He was also a very active listener to Boy when he talked about all his girls who knew what they were doing yet he was never critical to with Boys decisions.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

A Mans versus a Womans Mind in Ernest Hemingways Up in Michigan :: essays research papers

The difference between a man’s and a woman’s mind, in Ernest Hemingway’s Up in Michigan Many of the narrative strategies Hemingway applied to his war stories in In Our Time he had already practiced or applied in earlier stories not concerned specifically with the war. One such is "Up In Michigan", which Hemingway had originally intended as the first story of In Our Time, but had to exclude because of its controversial presentation of sexual relationships. From his mother to his sisters to his four wives, Hemingway could not help being influenced by the strong, cultured women who surrounded him all his life. We notice, right from the beginning of his life, that Ernest Hemingway was confronted to two opposite ways of thinking, the Manly way, and the Woman way. This will be an important point in his writing and in his personal life, he will show a great interest in this opposition of thinking. In this short story, Hemingway uses simple words, which turn out to become a complex analysis of the male and female minds. With this style of writing, he will show us how different the two sexes’ minds work, by confronting them to each other in a way that we can easily capture their different ways of working. The scene in which the characters are set in is simple, and by the use of the simplicity of the words and of the setting, he is able to put us in-front of this dilemma, he will put us in front of a situation, and we will see it in both sexes point of view, which will lead us to the fundamental question, why are our minds so different? Hemingway can be seen as a women's man, he was attracted to women, and marriage did not prevent him from having affairs. Whatever his life was, one of the main themes in his writing remained his determination to understand the difference between the two genders. This difference always mattered in his texts, as we will see in this short story, written by Hemingway, â€Å"Up In Michigan†. In this story, Hemingway tries to tell the story in the way he thinks a woman would see and live it, during the story, he will alternate the two point of views, the man’s (Jim), and the woman’s (Liz), and he will end the story on Liz’s view.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Signal Conditioning of Thermistor

Introduction Signal conditioning of thermistor Signal conditioning means manipulating an analogue signal in such a way that it meets the requirements of the next stage for further processing. Operational amplifiers(op-amps) are commonly employed to carry out the amplification of the signal in the signal conditioning stage. The signal conditioning equipment may be required to do linear processes like amplification, attenuation, integration, differentiation, addition and subtraction.They are also required to do non-linear processes like modulation, demodulation, sampling, filtering, clipping and clamping squaring, linealizing or multiplification by another function etc. the signal conditioning or data acquisition equipment in many a situation be an excitation and amplification system for passive transducer. It may be an amplification system for active transducer. In both the applications, the transducer output is brought up to a sufficient level to make it useful for conversion, proces sing, indicating and recording.Excitation is needed for passive transducers because these transducers do not generate their own voltage or current. Therefore passive transducers like strain gauges, potentiometers, resistance thermometers, inductive and capacitive transducers required excitation from external sources. The active transducers like techno generators, thermocouples, inductive pick ups and piezo-electric crystals. The thermistor constitute one arm or more than one arm of a wheatstone bridge which is excited by an isolated DC source. The bridge can be balanced by a potentiometer and can also be calibrated for unbalanced conditions.Thermistor is a concentration of the term â€Å"Thermal Resistor†. It is essentially a semiconductor, which behaves as a resistor with a high negative temperature coefficient of resistance. That is, as the temperature of the thermistor increases, its resistance decreases. The temperature co-efficient is expressed in ohms per unit change in degree Celsius ( ° C). thermistors with high temperature co-efficient of resistance are more sensitive to temperature change and are therefore well suited to temperature measurement and control.CONTENTS  ¦OBJECTIVE  ¦EXPLAINATION 1. WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 2. THERMISTOR 3. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 4. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER  ¦METHODOLOGY  ¦SCOPE 1. Wheatstone bridge: Whetstone bridge is the most accurate method available for measuring resistances and is popular for laboratory use. The circuit diagram of typical Wheatstone bridge is given in figure Rx is the unknown resistance to be measured; R, R2 and R^ are resistors of known resistance and the resistance of R2 is adjustable.If the ratio of the two resistances in the known leg (R2 / R) is equal to the ratio of the two in the unknown leg (Rx / R3), then the voltage between the two midpoints (B and D) will be zero and no current will flow through the galvanometer Vg. R2 is varied until this condition is reached. The direction of the current indicates whether R2 is too high or too low. Detecting zero current can be done to extremely high accuracy (see galvanometer). Therefore, if R, R2 and R3 are known to high precision, then Rx can be measured to high precision.Very small changes in Rx disrupt the balance and are readily detected. At the point of balance, the ratio of R2 / R = Rx / R3 Therefore, Alternatively, if R, R2, and R3 are known, but R2 is not adjustable, the voltage difference across or current flow through the meter can be used to calculate the value of Rx, using Kirchoff s Circuit laws (also known as Kirchhoff s rules). This setup is frequently used in strain gauge and resistance thermometer measurements, as it is usually faster to read a voltage level off a meter than to adjust a resistance to zero the voltage.In practical Wheatstone bridge, at least one of the resistance is made adjustable, to permit balancing. When the bridge is balanced, the unknown resistance (normally connected at Rx) may b e determined from the setting of the adjustable resistor, which is called a standard resistor because it is a precision device having very small tolerance. Rx= (R2/R1). R3 APPLICATION OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE: A Wheatstone bridge may be used to measure the DC resistance of various types of wire, either for the purpose of quality control of the wire itself or of some assembly in which it is used.For example, the resistance of motor winding, transformers, solenoids, relay coils and resistance of thermistor, RTD also can be measured. PRINCIPLE Resistance of thermistor changes with change in temperature. Resistance of thermistor decreases with increase in temperature while resistance of thermistor increases with decrease in temperature. It is a thermally sensitive resistor. FORMULA:- Rti = Rt2Exp[ p (1 / T1 – 1 / T2) ] Where,RT]= resistance of thermistor at absolute temp. Tl °k RT2= resistance of thermistor at absolute temp. T2 °k P= a constant depending upon the material of the thermistor (Typically between 3500 °k to 4500 °k)CONSTRUCTION:- Thermistors are composed of sintered mixture of metallic oxides such as Manganese, Nickel, Cobalt, Copper, Iron and Uranium. They are available in a variety of sizes and shapes. They may be in the form of beads, roads and discs. WORKING:- A thermistor change in electrical resistance due to a corresponding temperature change is evident whether the thermistor's body temperature is changes as result of conduction or radiation from the surrounding environment or due to self heating brought about by power dissipation within the device. THEORY:- .Thermistor is a concentration of the term ‘Thermal Resistor†. It is essentially a semiconductor which behaves as a resistor with a high negative temperature coefficient of resistance. That is, as the temperature of the thermistor increases, its resistance decreases. The temperature co-efficient is expressed in ohms per unit change in degree celcius ( ° C). thermisto rs with high temperature co-efficient of resistance are more sensitive to temperature change and are therefore well suited to temperature measurement and control. Thermistors are available in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.However, thermistor beads sealed in the tips of glass rods are most commonly used because they are relatively easy to mount TYPES OF THERMISTOR:- 1]PTC 2]NTC NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) It implies that the resistance of thermistor decreases with increases in its temperature. These thermistors can detect changes in temperature, which could not be observed with RTD's or Thermocouple circuits. NTC type thermistors mostly used in industry. Resistance of thermistor is used in industry is 2. 2 k Q. for temperature 30 °C. It's cost near about Rs. 10-15 SPECIFICATION:- *Range(? ): 50-300 *Accuracy : ± 1 *Resolution: 0. 01 ? C *Scale: Non-Linear *Thermister Constant: 4000? K OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIRES: One type of amplifier, which finds its way into almost a ll points of measurement and instrumentation system, is the operational amplifier. The word operational indicates that the amplifier can perform mathematical operations like inversion addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, integration and differentiation etc. Properties of ideal operational amplifier are: 1. It should have an infinite input impedance. 2. It should have zero output impedance. 3.It should have an infinite gain (gain of the order of 105 to 109) 4. It should have flat response over a wide frequency range. The operational amplifier consists of a very high gain amplifier with a negative > feedback. The gain of operational amplifier with negative feedback is determined by feedback components and not by the internal amplifier circuitry. APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER: Some of the important applications of an op-amp are: 1. Amplifiers 2. Active filters 3. Arithmetic circuits 4. Log and antilog amplifiers 5. Voltage comparators 6. Waveform generators 7.Precis ion rectifiers 8. Multipliers 9. Timers 10. Multivibrators 11. Regulated power supplies Operational amplifier characteristics: 1. Input offset voltage : The input offset voltage is defined as the voltage that must be applied to the input terminals to drive the output to zero. This is about 2mV for 741 amplifier. It should be understand thet the offset voltage changes with temperature. 2. Input offset current: just as a voltage offset may be required across the input to make the output voltage zero, so a net current may be required between the inputs to zero the output voltage.This current is called input offset current. This is equal to the difference between the two input currents. 3. Input bias current: It is defined as the mean of the two input currents required to make the output voltage zero. 4. Slew rate: it is the highest rate at which the output can change, it is expressed in terms of v/jiS. 5. Unity gain frequency: in many cases, specifications include the frequency respons e including unity gain frequency. This is the frequency at which the open loop gain of the amplifier becomes unity. The low frequency gain is about 20,000 and falls to unity at about 1MHz. he amplifier is said to have a 1 MHz gain bandwidth produt. 6. Common mode rejection ratio (CMMR): it is defined as the ratio of differential gain to common mode gain. CMRR is infinite for ideal op-amp. Thus the output voltage corresponding to the common mode noise is zero. IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP: 1. Gain is maximum. 2. Input impedence should be infinite. 3. Output impedence should be zero. 4. CMRR should be infinite. 5. Bandwidth should be infinite. TYPICAL VALUES OF OP- AMP: 1. Input offset voltage:  ± 6mV. 2. Input offset current:  ±200nAmp 3. Input bias current:  ±7nAmp 4.Differential input resistance/impedence: 2m CI 5. Input impedence for 741 (FET op-amp): 1000 G Q 6. Output impedence: 75 Q. 7. Gain: 2 lakhs 8. Output voltage swing: 26Vpp 9. Supply current: 2. 8 mAmp APPLICATI ONS:- 1. It is used in lab and medical purpose. 2. PTC type thermistors are used to protect the motor from overheating. 3. It gives very accurate reading at high temperature. 4. For measurement of level pressure, flow of the liquid, composition of gases, thermal conductivity and vaccum measurement. UA741 General-purpose single operational amplifier UA741 General-purpose single operational amplifierFeatures * Large input voltage range * No latch-up * High gain * Short-circuit protection * No frequency compensation required * Same pin configuration as the UA709 Applications * Summing amplifiers * Voltage followers * Integrators * Active filters * Function generators Description The UA741 is a high performance monolithic operational amplifier constructed on a single silicon chip. It is intended for a wide range of analog applications. N DIP8 (plastic package) D SO-8 (plasticmicropackage) Pin connections (top view) 2 – Inverting input 3 – Non-inverting input 4 – VCC - 5 – Offset null 2 6 – Output 7 -Vcc+ – N. C. The high gain and wide range of operating voltages provide superior performances in integrator, summing amplifier and general feedback applications. The internal compensation network (6 dB/octave) ensures stability in closed- loop circuits. 1/11 www. st. com Schematic diagram 1 Schematic diagram UA741 Figure 1. Schematic diagram Absolute maximum ratings and operating conditions 2 Absolute maximum ratings and operating conditions Table 1. Absolute maximum ratings Symbol| Parameter| Value| Unit| Vcc| Supply voltage|  ±22| V| Vid| Differential input voltage|  ±30| V| Vi| Input voltage|  ±15| V| Output short-circuit duration| Infinite| | Rthja| Thermal resistance junction to ambient SO-8 DIP8| 125 85|  °C/W| Rthjc| Thermal resistance junction to case SO-8 DIP8| 40 41 |  °C/W| ESD| HBM: human body model(1) DIP package SO package| 500 400| V| | MM: machine model(2)| 100| V| | CDM: charged device model(3)| 1. 5| kV| Tstg| Storage temperature range| -65 to +150|  °C| 1. Human body model: a 100 pF capacitor is charged to the specified voltage, then discharged through a 1. 5kfl! resistor between two pins of the device. This is done for all couples of connected pin combinations while the other pins are floating. . Machine model: a 200 pF capacitor is charged to the specified voltage, then discharged directly between two pins of the device with no external series resistor (internal resistor < 5 n). This is done for all couples of connected pin combinations while the other pins are floating. UA741 3. Charged device model: all pins and the package are charged together to the specified voltage and then discharged directly to the ground through only one pin. This is done for all pins. 4. 4. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER: The low level signal output of electrical transducers often need to be mplified before further processing. This is done by the use of instrumentation amplifier. The important features of instrumentation amplifier are as follows. 1. Selectable gain with high gain accuracy and gain linearity. 2. Differential input capability with high gain common mode rejection. 3. High stability of gain with low temperature co-efficient. 4. low DC offset and drift errors referred to input. 5. low output impedance. The input amplifiers A[ and A2 act as input buffers with unity gain for common mode signals ecm and with a gain of (1+2R2/Ri) for differential signals.A high input impedance is ensured by the non-inverting configuration in which they operate. The common mode (cm) rejection is achieved by the following stage which is connected as a differential amplifier. The optimum common mode rejection can be obtained by adjusting R6 or R7 ensuring that Ei – Ei R4 R6 The amplifier A3 can also be made to have some nominal gain for the whole amplifier by an appropriate selection or R4, R5, R6 and R7. The drift errors of the second stage add to the product of the drift errors of t he first amplifier and first stage gain.Hence, it is necessary that the gain in the first stage be enough to prevent the overall drift performance from being significantly affected by the drift in the second stage. The drift problem of instrumentation amplifier can be improved if amplifiers Ai and A2 have offset voltages, which tends to track the temperature. The gain of an instrumentation amplifier can be varied by changing R{ alone. A high gain accuracy can be obtained by using precision metal film resistors for all the resistance. Figure shows a simplified differential instrumentation amplifier using a transducer bridge.A resistive transducer, thermistor, whose resistance changes as a function of some physical quantity such as temperature is connected in one arm of the bridge and is denoted by (Rr  ± A R), where RT is the resistance of the thermistor and delta R is the change in the Generally, resistors Ra, Rb and Rc are selected so that they are equal in value to the transduce r resistance RT at some reference condition. The bridge is balanced initially at a desired reference condition. However, as the temperature changes, the resistance of the thermistor also changes causing the bridge to unbalance (Va 4- Vb).The output voltage of the bridge can be expressed as a function of the change in the resistance of the thermistor. Let the change in resistance of the thermistor be delta R. since Rb and Rc are fixed resistors, the voltage Vb is constant. However, voltage Va varies as a function of the change in thermistor resistance. Therefore The negative sign in this equation indicates that Va

Saturday, November 9, 2019

India’s Transformation

Summary India adopted a democratic system of government and a mixed economy after gaining independence in 1947. However, a large part of their economy was still comprised of state-owned entities. Because of this, the private sector was stifled and any growth came only with hard-won government permission. This was especially true in the auto, chemical, and steel industries. Compounding the issue of strict government control was the fact that various laws made it difficult for businesses in the private sector to flourish. If a business grew to over 100 employees, then it was very difficult to fire a worker.In turn, business owners kept the size of their firm under the threshold. Unfortunately, those businesses did not grow to their full potential and could not reach the size necessary to be competitive in the international market. At this time, due to the rules and regulations, India was not taking advantage of foreign direct investments. Thankfully, the lack of progress and growth led the government to reform the economic system. In 1991, many industries once closed to the private sector, including electricity generation, oil industry, steel production, air transport and telecommunications, were opened.Foreign investments were given automatic approval up to a 51 percent stake in an Indian enterprise and, in some cases, 100 percent investment was granted. Tariffs on imports were dramatically reduced as were income tax rates and corporate tax rates. Each of these measures led to an increased rate of economic progress and tremendous growth within India’s private sector. India’s economy is still in a transition phase. While they have seen growth in private sector enterprise and increased foreign investment, they still have to navigate political barriers and help mitigate risks.Some import tariffs are still in place because the government fears a flood of inexpensive Chinese products. In addition, even though the private sector has proven more efficient than state-owned enterprises, there are still barriers to privatization. For instance, the Indian Supreme Court ruled that the government could not privatize two state-owned oil companies without the consent of parliament. India also continues to work towards a market economy to keep the country attractive to potential investors.There are many benefits to investing early in India: the country has a large market population with the potential for continued high growth that can offer first-mover advantages. However, investors do need to take the risks into consideration: adhering to the local laws could be an unwanted cost as well as working within a legal system that may not provide the necessary protection for contract and property rights violations. As India continues to move toward a free market economy, they will continue to see growth in their private sector enterprises and foreign investment.The government will need to support this growth and continue to reform regulations so b usinesses can grow and become competitive on a greater scale. This will also make the country more attractive to foreign direct investment where investors can take advantage of India’s growing economy. Questions 1. From 1947 to 1990, India operated under a mixed economy system. This economic system is a blend of private ownership and free market enterprise with state ownership and government planning. During this time, the mixed economy in India was dominated by state-owned enterprises, centralized planning and subsidies.This prevented the private sector in India from growing, especially in the auto, chemical and steel production industries which were specifically state-owned enterprises. Today, India is moving toward a market economy where productive activities are primarily privately owned. However, state-owned firms still account for 38 percent of national output in the nonfarm sector. There are several impediments to completing a full transformation to a market economy in India. For example, a reduction in import tariffs has stalled due to political pressure.Politicians fear a flood of inexpensive products from China if the barriers are taken away. Also, it is still very difficult for privatization within the oil industry. The Indian Supreme Court ruled that the government could not privatize two state-owned oil companies without explicit approval from parliament. In addition, there is a disincentive for business owners to grow their firms more than 100 employees. Labor laws make it almost impossible for firms to fire an employee if the business is greater than 100 employees.This does not allow the firm to attain the scale necessary to compete internationally. 2. The economic system constrained the growth of the private sector. Private companies needed permission from the government to expand. It could take years to receive permission and several heavy industry products were reserved for state-owned enterprises. Even though private firms are 30 â₠¬â€œ 40 percent more efficient than state-owned firms, the extensive government regulations prevent the growth of private businesses and creation of new businesses.These factors negatively affected the rate of economic growth in India. While other Southeast Asian nations were enjoying economic growth and progress, India was still struggling with a small economy despite having a population of 950 million. The GDP was $310 and only 2. 3 percent of the population had a household income greater than $2,484. At the time, the World Bank estimated that 40 percent of the world’s desperately poor lived in India. Compounding these issues was the fact that less than half the population could read and very few had access to clean sanitation.Without basic necessities, a population will find it difficult to survive much less grow and flourish. 3. Privatization, deregulation and increased foreign direct investment have positively impacted India’s economy during the post-1990 time per iod. For example, the economy has expanded at an annual rate of 6. 3 percent from 1994 to 2004 and increased to 9 percent from 2005 to 2008. Proving that the Indian market is attractive, foreign investment increased from $150 million in 1991 to $36. 7 billion in 2008. 4.India is strengthening in the areas of technology and pharmaceutical products in part of their attractiveness to foreign investments and the fact that the government was now welcoming foreign investment. Foreign equity stakes in an Indian enterprise up to 51 percent are automatic; 100 percent ownership is allowable under certain circumstances. Industry goods are seeing a freedom of importation and the maximum tariffs have fallen to 35 percent as of 1997. India’s success in these industries will continue to prove the efficiency and growth potential of privatizing business. 5.I believe that India represents an attractive market for foreign multinationals selling consumer products. International firms have the op portunity to engage early in India’s economy. In turn, this will lead to building brand loyalty and gaining experience navigating the country’s business practices. Of course, the international firms must be aware of the risks surrounding unprotected property rights and other political and legal matters. With due diligence, investment into India’s economy could provide high dividends to foreign multinationals as the economy continues to grow.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Free Essays on Why Catcher In The Rye Banned

Why the book was banned The Catcher in the Rye has long ignited disapproval, and it was the most frequently banned book in schools between 1966 and 1975. Even before that time, the work was a favorite target of sensors. In 1957, Australian Customs seized a shipment of the novels that had been presented as a gift to the government by the U.S. ambassador. The books were later released, but Customs had made its point that the book contained obscene language and actions that were not appropriate behavior for teenagers. In 1960, a teacher in Tulsa, Oklahoma, was fired for assigning the book to a 7th grade English class. The teacher appealed to the court and was put back by the school board, but the book was removed from use in the school. The following year in Oklahoma City, the novel became the focus of a legislative hearing in which a locally organized censorship group sought to stop the Mid-Continent News Company, a book wholesaler, from carrying the novel. Members of the group parked a 'Smutmobile' outside the capital building during the hearing and displayed the novel with others. As a result of public pressure, the wholesaler dropped the books from its inventory. In 1977 parents in Pittsgrove Township, New Jersey, challenged the assignment of the novel in an English class. They charged that the book included profanity that promoted premarital sex, homosexuality, and perversion, as well as claiming that it was explicitly pornographic and immoral. After months of controversy, the board ruled that the novel could be read in the advanced placement class for its universal message, not for its profanity, but they gave parents the right to decide whether or not their children would read it. The challenges to the novel have continued well into the 1990s. In 1991, the novel was challenged at Grayslake Community High School in Illinois for profanity, and students in Jamaica High School in Sidell, Illinois, cited profanities and the dep... Free Essays on Why Catcher In The Rye Banned Free Essays on Why Catcher In The Rye Banned Why the book was banned The Catcher in the Rye has long ignited disapproval, and it was the most frequently banned book in schools between 1966 and 1975. Even before that time, the work was a favorite target of sensors. In 1957, Australian Customs seized a shipment of the novels that had been presented as a gift to the government by the U.S. ambassador. The books were later released, but Customs had made its point that the book contained obscene language and actions that were not appropriate behavior for teenagers. In 1960, a teacher in Tulsa, Oklahoma, was fired for assigning the book to a 7th grade English class. The teacher appealed to the court and was put back by the school board, but the book was removed from use in the school. The following year in Oklahoma City, the novel became the focus of a legislative hearing in which a locally organized censorship group sought to stop the Mid-Continent News Company, a book wholesaler, from carrying the novel. Members of the group parked a 'Smutmobile' outside the capital building during the hearing and displayed the novel with others. As a result of public pressure, the wholesaler dropped the books from its inventory. In 1977 parents in Pittsgrove Township, New Jersey, challenged the assignment of the novel in an English class. They charged that the book included profanity that promoted premarital sex, homosexuality, and perversion, as well as claiming that it was explicitly pornographic and immoral. After months of controversy, the board ruled that the novel could be read in the advanced placement class for its universal message, not for its profanity, but they gave parents the right to decide whether or not their children would read it. The challenges to the novel have continued well into the 1990s. In 1991, the novel was challenged at Grayslake Community High School in Illinois for profanity, and students in Jamaica High School in Sidell, Illinois, cited profanities and the dep...

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Countries That Lie on the Earths Equator

Countries That Lie on the Earths Equator Although the equator stretches  24,901 miles  (40,075 kilometers) around the world, it travels  through the territory of just 13 countries- and yet the landmasses of two of these countries do not touch the Earths  equator. Did You Know? The equator is an imaginary line that circles the Earth, splitting it into northern and southern hemispheres. Any location that lies along the equator is equidistant from the North and South Poles. The 13 Countries That Lie on the Equator Of the 13 countries that lie on the equator, seven are in Africa- the most of any continent- while South America is home to three of the nations (Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil). The remaining three (Maldives, Kiribati, and Indonesia) are island nations in the Indian and Pacific oceans.   The countries of Sao Tome and Principe, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesia, Kiribati, Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil all lie along the equator. The landmasses of Maldives and Kiribati, however, do not touch the equator itself. Instead, the equator passes through water controlled by these two island countries. Latitude and Longitude The equator is one of five lines of latitude that help provide relative locations on an atlas. The other four include  the Arctic Circle, the Antarctic  Circle, the Tropic of Cancer, and the Tropic of Capricorn.  Because the Earth bulges at the center, the equator is significantly longer than any of the other lines of latitude. Along with the lines of longitude which run from pole to pole, they make it possible for cartographers and navigators to locate any spot on the globe. The plane of the equator passes through the sun at the March and September equinoxes. The sun appears to travel directly north to south over the equator at these times. Because of this, people living along the equator experience the quickest sunrises and sunsets as the sun travels perpendicular to the equator most of the year, with the length of days being almost entirely the same throughout- daylight lasting 14 minutes longer than nighttime. Climate and Temperatures Most countries that lie along the equator experience much warmer temperatures year-round than other areas of the world that share the same elevation. Thats because of the equators near-constant exposure to the same levels of sun exposure regardless of the time of year. As a result, the countries that lie along the equators include almost half of the worlds rainforest; they are concentrated in the African nations of Congo, Brazil, and Indonesia. Even so, the equator offers a surprisingly diverse climate due to the geographical features of countries that lie along it. There is little fluctuation in temperature throughout the year, though there may be dramatic differences in rainfall and humidity, which are determined by wind currents. In fact, the terms summer, fall, winter, and spring dont really apply to regions along the equator. Instead, people who live in the especially humid tropic regions refer to only two seasons: wet and dry. Equator Extremes Its reasonable and largely accurate to assume that the weather is uniformly warm or hot around the equator. But of course, weather and climate relate not only to latitude but also to geography. Some countries that lie on the equator are flat and warm but others, like Ecuador, include high mountains where the weather is extremely cold. In fact, you will find snow and ice year-round on  Cayambe, a volcano in Ecuador that reaches to 5,790 meters (nearly 19,000 feet). It is the only place on the equator where snow lies on the ground year-round.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Write a reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write a reports - Essay Example The audience should enjoy the event, be on the lookout for the most creative and interesting aspect of the performance (Bay-Cheng 67). Most importantly, they should be able to reflect on the performance as a whole. When criticizing the live performance the critic should always give proof of their approval or disapproval by backing it up with facts and evidences from the performance. When reviewing the performance there are points to be noted such as, the production team, the time and place of the production’s presentation. The lighting and sets should be discussed and how they contributed to the theme or mood of the performance (Bay-Cheng 65). One should mention the make-up and costumes used as part of the general design for the performance. The characters and the actors’ display of the costumes are important. They should be considered to assess if they were believable and if the actors’ analysis fits the theme. A check on the blocking and stage movement should be made as well as on the tempo and pacing of the production. How the performers use their voices, work together and interpret the script matters. An observation is made of the effect the performance had on the audience and discussion of highlights of the memorable parts of the